(5.1.1) Homonyms

Homonyms / Definition of Homonyms / What are Homonyms 

Some words have somewhat similar pronunciation but have different spellings and , of course, different meanings. They are called homonyms. Here under are given some of the words -
Access : way to a place, means of reaching somewhere. 
Excess : fact of being more than something or more than that is expected.
Adapt : make suitable (for a new situation, need, use etc.)
Adept : expert, skilled (in something, at or in doing something.
Adopt : take in one's family as a son / daughter or take somebody into one's family as a relation, especially as a son or a daughter.
Berth : a sleeping seat in a train, a ship or an aircraft etc.
Birth : coming to life, process of being born, coming into the world.
Cast : throw
Caste : hereditary  fixed class of society.   
Cite : give or mention as an example (especially by quoting from a book to support an argument etc.)
Site : place where something was, is or is to be. 
Plain : easy to see,hear or understand; area of level country.
Plane : flat or level surface ; an aircraft.
Stationary : not moving or changing.
Stationery : writing materials. 

(6.1.7) Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech

A part of speech is a class of words based on the work they do in a sentence.
Thus words are divided into different kinds or classes.
The words that we use can be divided into eight classes according to the work they do in sentences. These classes are known as parts of speech. They are:
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
1. Noun- A noun is a word used for naming some person, place or thing.
2. Pronoun - A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
3. Verb - A verb is a word for saying something about some person or thing.
4. Adjective - An adjective is a word used to qualify a noun or a pronoun.
5. Adverb- An adverb is a  word used to qualify any part of speech except a noun or a pronoun.
6. Preposition - A preposition is a word used before a Noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.
7. Conjunctions - A conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases or sentences together.
8. Interjection - An interjection is used to express some feeling of joy, grief or surprise.

(6.1.6) Determiners / What are Determiners/ Kinds of Determiners

Determiners / Definition of determiners / Important features of Determiners / Kinds of Determiners

What is a  determiner?
A word or a group of words that comes before a noun or a noun phrase and modifies its meaning is called a determiner.
Other features of determiners : 
> The determiners also specify the quality of a noun.
> They determine the type of noun.
> Like adjectives they qualify the nouns that follow them.
> Determiners are the words that define and determine the category of nouns.
> They are also known as modifiers of nouns. They are used before nouns and denote whether the nouns are singular, plural, countable or uncountable. 
> Pronouns are not preceded by determiners.
Kinds of Determiners :
1. Determiners of Quantity-
Some, Much, Little etc.
2. Determiners of Number -
One, Two, Three, Many etc.
3. Demonstrative Determiners.
This, That, These, Those etc.
4. Possessive Determiners -
My, Our, His, Her, Their
5. Distributive Determiners -
Each, Every etc
6. Articles -
A, An, The
The important determiners are as follows :-
A, An, The, Some, Any, Few, A few, the few, Little, a Little, the Little, Each, Every, This, That, These, Those, Many, Many A, Much, Various, Several.

(6.1.5) Use of 'Have' as a causative verb

Use of 'Have' as a causative verb

As a causative verb 'have' is used when we engage or employ someone to do the work for us.
'Have' can be used in active voice and passive voice.
A. Causative verb 'have' in Active Voice -
Structure -
Subject + have + doer + verb in the first form without to + object.
1. I engaged a man to clean the room.
=  I had a man clean the room
2. We shall engage a new cook to prepare delicious food.
=  We shall have a new cook prepare delicious food.
3. The gardener plants the plants for me.
=   I have the gardener plant the plants.
B. Causative verb 'have' in passive voice -
As a causative verb 'have' is used in passive voice also.
Structure 
Subject + Have + object + third form of the verb + by + doer.
Examples.
1. The Principal has asked the clerk to collect the fees from the students.
= The principal has the fees collected from the students by the clerk.
2. The manager will engage a new man to watch the factory.
=  The manager will have the factory watched by a new man.
3. She asked the goldsmith to repair her chair.
=  she had her chain repaired by a gold smith.
Some more examples
1. The teacher will have the black board cleaned by me.
2. My brother had his suit washed by the dry cleaner.
3. She has a glass of water brought by the servant.
4. I had my trousers stitched (by someone).
5. You have your watch repaired (by the watch maker).

(6.1.4) Use of 'Get' as a causative verb.

Use of 'Get' as a  causative verb.

As a causative verb 'Get' indicates  persuasion. In other words as a causative verb get is used to persuade someone to do some thing, as:
I got Ramesh to drive me to the railway station.
Structure -
Subject + get (causative verb) + doer + to + action Verb  in the first form  + object.
Examples.
1. I Shall persuade him to read the paragraph.
= I shall get mahesh to read the paragraph.
2.  He asked me to bring a pen for him.
= He got me to bring a pen (for him)
3. She will tell him to draw water.
= She will get him to draw water.
4. The old woman could not get anyone to lift the box.
= The old woman could not get anyone to lift the box.
5. We should persuade them to walk fast.
= We should get them to walk fast.
6.  Ask the people to get up early in the morning.
= Get the people to get up early in the morning.
Some More Examples.
1. I got some villagers to push ;my car.
2. The old woman is getting Hari to write a letter.
3. The fox got the crow to sing a song.
4. I can get him to post the letter.
Use of Causative causative verb 'Get' in Passive Form -
As a causative verb 'Get' can be used in passive form also :
I got my clothes washed by the washer-man.
Structure
Subject + get (causative verb) + object  + third form of the verb of action + by + doer.
Examples :
1. Hari asked the gardener to water the plants.
= Hari got the plants watered by the gardener.
2.  The boy will ask me to read the letter.
=  The boy will get the letter read by my.
3. He posted the letter for me.
=  I got the letter posted by him.

(6.1.3) Use of 'Cause' as a causative verb.

Use of 'Cause' as a  causative verb

As a  Causative verb 'Cause' is used to inspire someone to do something.
I cause my brother to wash my clothes.
Structure.
Subject + Cause (Causative verb) + doer +to +first form of the verb + object.
Examples :
1. He asked me to walk to the left side of the road.
=He caused me to walk to the left side of the road.
2. I am going to ask her to sit quietly.
=I am going to cause her to sit quietly.
3. The teacher is saying me to understand well.
=The teacher is causing me to understand well.
4. The old man has asked him to go for a walk daily.
= The old man has caused him to go far a walk daily.
5. She  will tempt Ram to teach her English.
= She will cause Ram to teach her English.
6. Yesterday I told the passer by to push my car.
= Yesterday I caused the passer by to push my car.
Some more examples -
1. We may cause him to shut the window.
2. Ramesh caused Hari to post the letter.
3. I shall cause my sister to iron my clothes.
4. The teacher has caused him to take exercise daily.
5. How will you cause him to do this work ?

(6.1.2) Use of 'Make' as a causative verb

Use of 'Make' as a causative verb

As a causative verb 'Make' indicates the use of force or pressure.
In other words 'Make' is used when we force someone to do something.
The construction is (structure) -
Subject + Causative Verb (Make) + doer + verb in first verb + object.
1. The captain asked the soldiers to fall in the line. (without causative verb)
= The captain made the soldiers fall in line. (with causative verb)
2. My father asks me to go to school in time.
= My father makes me go to school in time.
3. He will force her to tell a story.
=He will make her tell a story.
4. They have forced me to sign an agreement.
=They have made me sign an agreement.
5. No one can compel me to change my mind.
=No one can make me change my mind.
6. Who will force her to clean the room?
=Who will make her clean the room?
Some More Examples
1. He made me laugh in the class.
2. The teacher makes the bad students stand on the bench.
3. Don't make the driver drive fast.
4. The bad weather will make us cancel our plan to go for a picnic.
6. He is making her finish the work.

(6.1.1) Causative Verbs./ What are Causative Verbs

Causative Verbs/ What is a causative verb

Causative verbs are the verbs which are used when somebody does not do the action himself, but he asks or inspires another person to do it.
The following are the causative verbs :
Make, get, cause and have.
'Make' indicates the  use of force or pressure :
I make my brother wash my cloths.
'Have' is used when we engage or employ someone.
I have the servant wash my clothes.
'Get' indicates the persuasion.
'Cause' is used to inspire someone to do something.
I cause him to clean the room everyday.
Some More Examples -
Mohan has the washer-man wash his cloths.
I shall have the carpenter make a chair.
She had the cobbler polish her shoes.
He made me laugh.
The principal did not make the peon clean the room.
I got my elder sister to make tea.
He caused his younger brother to go for a walk daily.

(3.1.3) Use of 'Quite'

Quite / Use of 'Quite'

'Quite' means 'completely' when it is used with a word or phrase which can express the idea of completeness e.g.'full', 'empty', 'finished', 'wrong', 'right', 'all right', 'sure', 'certain', 'ready' etc. and when it is used with a (very)  strong adjective or adverbs such as 'perfect', 'amazing', 'horrible', 'extraordinary' etc.
Examples :
The box was quite empty.
She is quite wrong.
It is quite extraordinary, I cannot understand it all.

(4.1.6) Use of 'No' and 'Not' / Difference between 'No' and 'Not'

Difference between 'No' and 'Not'/ Use of 'No' and 'Not'

(1) 'No' is used as an adjective.
'Not' is used as an adverb.
'No' is used before a noun. This noun can be singular or plural.
'Not' is used to make a sentence negative.
(2) No = Not any
'No' is an adjective.
'No' is used before singular and plural nouns.
After 'No' articles (a, an, the ) and possessive pronouns (my, his, their) are not used.
Examples -
The boy has no money to buy new books.
I have no pen to write with.
There are no boys in the class now.
No news is good news.
No one knows what will happen tomorrow.
(3) Not = A word expressing denial or negation.
> 'Not' is used as an adverb.
There isn't any book on the table.
> When 'Not' is used after the verb 'to be' (is, am, are, was, were, etc.) , the following patterns are used -
(A) Subject + verb to be + not + a/an + singular countable noun
There isn't a boy in the room.
( in this sentence 'any' can be used in place of 'a'.) There isn't any boy in the room.
He isn't a teacher.
(B) Subject + verb 'to be' + not + plural noun or uncountable noun (without any article)
They aren't cows.
There isn't light in the room.
(C) Subject + verb 'to be ' + not + adjective ( In this pattern 'No' cannot be used because 'no' cannot qualify any adjective.)
This picture is not beautiful.
You are not bad.