(6.1.12) Uses of Noun

Noun

What is a noun –

‘A noun is a part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality or action.’

The uses of a noun –

A noun is used

1.     as the subject of the verb –

Hari came here.

The boy helped me.

Leaves fall from trees.

2.     as the object of the verb.

Ramesh answered the questions.

He likes this book.

3.     as the complement of the subject –

Ramesh is my brother.

Rekha is a good player.

4.      for addressing someone.

Students, take out your books.

Are you coming, Hari ?

5.     as the complement of the verb –

He became the captain of the team.

6.     as the object of the preposition –

Your mother is in the room.

7.     to show possession or source etc.

Hari’s dog is running fast.

8.     In apposition –

Mr. Verma, our teacher, taught us English.

Both Mr. Verma and our teacher are one and the same person. The second noun merely explains the first noun, Mr. Verma. Here the second noun, our teacher, is in apposition.

( 5.1.2 ) Phrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb is a combination of two parts one of them is a verb and the other is eighter a preposition or an adverb. In some cases the verb may be followed by both an adverb and a preposition.
Phrasal verb - verb + preposition
or verb + adverb
or verb + adverb + preposition.
The phrasal verb has different meaning from that of the original verb. Examples -
Phrasal verbs-----Meaning
break down-------stop to function
break into---------enter by force
break out----------begin
call on-------------see a person
call off------------end
call out------------summon someone
carry on-----------continue
carry out----------obey, perform duty
come across------find by chance
come in-----------enter
cut down----------fell trees etc.
get on--------------make progress
get on with--------live with
give away---------give it to someone
give in-------------yield
give up------------pabandon
go on--------------continue
go through--------read
grow up-----------become adult
hand over---------surrender
hold up------------stop
keep up------------continue
look after----------take care
look into-----------examine/investigate
pick out------------choose
pick up-------------lift a person
put aside-----------save for future
put on--------------clothes or shoes
ring up-------------telephone
run after-----------pursue
run away----------flee
run into------------collide
send for------------summon
set in---------------begin
set out-------------start a journey
turn on------------light or fan
turn off-----------light t.v. etc.

( 6.1.10 ) Use of ' It '

The uses of the pronoun ‘It’

It is a third person singular pronoun and is used:

1.     for lifeless things, animals, and for a small child when its sex is unknown or unimportant; as,

I have a book. It is very useful.

A dog wags its tail.

A baby cries when it is hungry.

India is a great country. Its people are peace loving.

2.     for expressing time, distance, weather, temperature etc.

What time is it?

It is 5 o’clock.

It is very hot today.

It was spring.

It is dusk.

It was 1947.

3.     to introduce an infinitive phrase; as,

It is easy to solve this problem.

It was necessary to finish the work.

It is our duty to respect our elders.

4.      to introduce –ing form; as,

It is no use weeping now.

It is no good flogging a dead horse.

It is a waste of time reading this book again and again.

5.     to introduce a clause; as,

It is hoped that he will get good marks.

It is not known why he went there.

It is said that the earth is round.

6.     to put emphasis on the noun or the pronoun; as,

It was Mohan who helped me.

It was you who made this mistake.

(6.1.9) Transformation of an Exclamatory sentence into an Assertive sentence

Transformation of  sentences / Transformation of an Exclamatory sentence into an Assertive sentence

The transformation of a sentence is the conversion of the sentence from one grammatical form to another without changing its meaning or sense.

Here we shall learn the transformation of an exclamatory sentence into an assertive sentence.

Rule 1. If the exclamatory sentence begins with 'What' or 'How', the following things should be followed -  

- the assertive sentence begins with the subject.

-  ‘What’ or ‘How’ is removed.

-  If there is an adjective just after ‘what’ or ‘how’, ‘very’ is used before the adjective in the assertive sentence. If there is a noun just after ‘what’ or’ ‘How’, ‘great’ or ‘wonderful’ or ‘strange’ is used before the noun in the assertive sentence.

Examples:

Exclamatory- What a beautiful flower it is!

Assertive- It is a very beautiful flower.

Exclamatory- What a terrible accident it is!

Assertive- It is a very terrible accident.

Exclamatory- What a fool you are!

Assertive- You are a great fool.

Exclamatory- What a scene it is!

Assertive- It is a wonderful/strange scene.

Exclamatory: What a victory it was!

Assertive: It was a great victory.
Rule 2. If the exclamatory sentence begins with 'O that', 'Oh that', 'O',' If only', 'Would that', 'wish' is used in assertive sentence.
Examples: 
1. If only I had wings!    
= I wish I had wings.
2. Would that they were here!
= I wish that they were here.
Rule 3. If the exclamatory begins with 'Alas', 'Alas' is removed and the assertive sentence begins with 'It is sad that'.
If the exclamatory begins with 'Hurrah', 'Hurrah' is removed and the assertive sentence begins with 'It is a matter of joy that'. 
If the exclamatory begins with 'Bravo', 'Bravo' is removed and the assertive sentence begins with 'It is a matter of praise that'.  
Examples : 
1. Alas ! she has died.
= It is sad that she has died.
2. Hurrah ! we have won the match.
= It is a matter of joy that we have won the match.
3. Bravo ! you have played well.
= It is a matter of praise that you have played well.

Transformation of an Exclamatory Sentence into an assertive sentence

Interchange of Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences

What is a Transformation of a Sentence

‘Transformation’ का अर्थ होता है ‘to change the form’ अतः किसी वाक्य के एक रूप (form) को बिना अर्थ में परिवर्तन किये दूसरे रूप में बदल देना ‘Transformation’ कहलाता है.

Exclamatory Sentence को  Assertive Sentences में बदलना –

Rule -1 यदि Exclamatory Sentence ‘What’ या ‘How’ से शुरू हो तो –

Rule 1 (A) ‘What’ या ‘How’ को हटा दिया जाता है. Assertive sentence को subject से शुरू किया जाता है तथा वाक्य के अंत में विस्मय सूचक चिन्ह को हटा कर ‘Full stop’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है.  

Rule – 1 (B) यदि ‘What’ या ‘How’ के बाद कोई Adjective हो तो उस Adjective के पहले ‘very’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है और यदि ‘What’ या ‘How’ के बाद कोई Noun हो तो उस Noun के पहले ‘great’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है.

Examples –

What a beautiful flower it is ! (Exclamatory)

= It is a very beautiful flower. (Assertive)

What a terrible accident I have seen today ! (Exclamatory)

= I have seen a very terrible accident today. (Assertive)

What an unhappy life he leads ! (Exclamatory)

He leads a very unhappy life. (Assertive)

What a fool you are ! (Exclamatory)

= You are a great fool. (Assertive)

What a problem it is ! (Exclamatory)

= It is a great problem. (Assertive)

How fearful the snake is ! (Exclamatory)

= The snake is very fearful. (Assertive)

How well he plays ! (Exclamatory)

= He plays very well. (Assertive)

How happy she is ! (Exclamatory)

= She is very happy. (Assertive)

Rule - 2

यदि Exclamatory Sentence के शुरू में ‘O that’, ‘Oh that’. ‘Would that’, ‘If only’ हो तो  Exclamatory Sentence को Assertive Sentence में बदलते समय इन शब्दों को हटा दिया जाता है और वाक्य को ‘I wish that’ से शुरू किया जाता है तथा वाक्य के अंत में विस्मय सूचक चिन्ह को हटा कर ‘Full stop’ का प्रयोग किया जाता है. जैसे –

Examples –

Oh that I were born in a free country ! (Exclamatory)

= I wish that I were born in a free country. (Assertive)

O that I were a child again ! (Exclamatory)

= I wish that I were a child again. (Assertive)

Wuold that they were safe ! (Exclamatory)

= I wish that they were safe. (Assertive)

If only I had wings ! (Exclamatory)

= I wish that I had wings. (Assertive)

Rule – 3 – Exclamatory Sentence ‘Alas’, ‘Bravo’ ‘Hurrah’ होने पर उस वाक्य को निम्नलिखित तरीके से Assertive वाक्य में बदलते हैं -

Rule – 3 (A) यदि Exclamatory Sentence ‘Alas’ से शुरू हो तो ‘Alas’ को हटा कर Assertive वाक्य को ‘It is sad that’ से शुरू करते हैं और शेष वाक्य वैसा ही रहने देते हैं. जैसे –

Examples –

Alas ! she died so young. (Exclamatory)

= It is sad that she died so young. (Assertive)

Alas ! we have lost the match. (Exclamatory)

= It is sad that we have lost the match. (Assertive)

Rule - 3 (B) यदि Exclamatory Sentence ‘Bravo’ से शुरू हो तो ‘Bravo’ को हटा कर Assertive वाक्य को ‘It is a matter of praise that’ से शुरू करते हैं और शेष वाक्य वैसा ही रहने देते हैं. जैसे –

Examples –

Bravo ! you have played well. (Exclamatory)

= It is a matter of praise that you have played well. (Assertive)

 Rule - 3 (C) यदि Exclamatory Sentence ‘Hurrah’ से शुरू हो तो ‘Hurrah’ को हटा कर Assertive वाक्य को ‘It is a matter of joy that’ से शुरू करते हैं और शेष वाक्य वैसा ही रहने देते हैं. जैसे –

Examples –

Hurrah ! we have won the match. (Exclamatory)

= It is a matter of joy that we have won the match. (Assertive)

Assertive Sentences को Exclamatory Sentence में बदलना –

Assertive Sentences को Exclamatory Sentence में बदलने के लिए Exclamaory से Assertive में बदलने के नियमों को उल्टा कर देते हैं. जैसे  –

Examples –

The music is very sweet. (Assertive)

= How sweet the music is ! (Exclamatory)

Poverty is a great curse. (Assertive)

= What a curse poverty is ! (Exclamatory)

I wish that spring were eternal. (Assertive)

= Oh that spring were eternal ! (Exclamatory)

I wish I were an M. L. A. once more. (Assertive)

= Would that I were an M. L. A. once more. (Exclamatory)

It is sad that you have failed. (Assertive)

= Alas ! you have failed. (Exclamatory)

Your hands are very warm. (Assertive)

= How warm your hands are ! (Exclamatory)

 

(6.1.8) Articles/ what is article in English Grammar

Articles/ what is article in English Grammar 

An article is a kind of adjective which modifies a noun. Like an adjective it is used before a noun and tells us something about it. But there is a little difference  between an adjective and an article. The adjective can be used with a noun  or independently but the article cannot be used without a noun. As mentioned above, an article is used before a noun but if there is an adjective before the noun, the article is used before the adjective. But if there is an adverb before the adjective, the article is used before the adverb.
Examples :
I met a man yesterday.
I met an old man yesterday.
I met a very old man yesterday.
But if there is possessive adjective before a noun, no article is used before it (possessive adjective).
Example : This is my book. ('My' is a possessive adjective)
Kinds of articles :
There are two types of articles in English Grammar. They are 'Indefinite Articles' and 'Definite Articles.'
Indefinite articles are: 'a' and 'an'.
Definite article is :'the'
Indefinite articles -'A' and 'An' are called indefinite articles. They are used before a singular countable noun which is neither proper nor definite. The function of indefinite articles is not to define but to generalize anything or person.
Example :
He gave me a book. (Any book and not a definite or a particular book.)
Definite article: 'The' is known as 'Definite Article'. It (The) is used before both the singular and the plural nouns, countable and uncountable nouns. But these nouns must be definite or identified.
Example:
The book on the table is mine. (Here, 'the book' means a definite or a particular book.)

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(5.1.1) Homonyms

Homonyms / Definition of Homonyms / What are Homonyms 

Some words have somewhat similar pronunciation but have different spellings and , of course, different meanings. They are called homonyms. Here under are given some of the words -
Access : way to a place, means of reaching somewhere. 
Excess : fact of being more than something or more than that is expected.
Adapt : make suitable (for a new situation, need, use etc.)
Adept : expert, skilled (in something, at or in doing something.
Adopt : take in one's family as a son / daughter or take somebody into one's family as a relation, especially as a son or a daughter.
Berth : a sleeping seat in a train, a ship or an aircraft etc.
Birth : coming to life, process of being born, coming into the world.
Cast : throw
Caste : hereditary  fixed class of society.   
Cite : give or mention as an example (especially by quoting from a book to support an argument etc.)
Site : place where something was, is or is to be. 
Plain : easy to see,hear or understand; area of level country.
Plane : flat or level surface ; an aircraft.
Stationary : not moving or changing.
Stationery : writing materials. 

(6.1.7) Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech

A part of speech is a class of words based on the work they do in a sentence.
Thus words are divided into different kinds or classes.
The words that we use can be divided into eight classes according to the work they do in sentences. These classes are known as parts of speech. They are:
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Preposition
7. Conjunction
8. Interjection
1. Noun- A noun is a word used for naming some person, place or thing.
2. Pronoun - A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.
3. Verb - A verb is a word for saying something about some person or thing.
4. Adjective - An adjective is a word used to qualify a noun or a pronoun.
5. Adverb- An adverb is a  word used to qualify any part of speech except a noun or a pronoun.
6. Preposition - A preposition is a word used before a Noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.
7. Conjunctions - A conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases or sentences together.
8. Interjection - An interjection is used to express some feeling of joy, grief or surprise.

(6.1.6) Determiners / What are Determiners/ Kinds of Determiners

Determiners / Definition of determiners / Important features of Determiners / Kinds of Determiners

What is a  determiner?
A word or a group of words that comes before a noun or a noun phrase and modifies its meaning is called a determiner.
Other features of determiners : 
> The determiners also specify the quality of a noun.
> They determine the type of noun.
> Like adjectives they qualify the nouns that follow them.
> Determiners are the words that define and determine the category of nouns.
> They are also known as modifiers of nouns. They are used before nouns and denote whether the nouns are singular, plural, countable or uncountable. 
> Pronouns are not preceded by determiners.
Kinds of Determiners :
1. Determiners of Quantity-
Some, Much, Little etc.
2. Determiners of Number -
One, Two, Three, Many etc.
3. Demonstrative Determiners.
This, That, These, Those etc.
4. Possessive Determiners -
My, Our, His, Her, Their
5. Distributive Determiners -
Each, Every etc
6. Articles -
A, An, The
The important determiners are as follows :-
A, An, The, Some, Any, Few, A few, the few, Little, a Little, the Little, Each, Every, This, That, These, Those, Many, Many A, Much, Various, Several.