Monday 27 August 2018

(6.1.11) Synthesis



What is Synthesis

Synthesis-  Synthesis means the combination of two or more simple sentences in to one new sentence. That new sentence may be a simple sentence or a compound sentence or a complex sentence.
The following are the ways of the combining two or more simple sentences into one simple sentence:-
(1) By using Participles:
(a)  Hari saw a deadly snake. He ran away. 
= Seeing a deadly snake, Hari ran away
(b) He opened the cage. He let the lion out. 
= opening the cage, he let the lion out
(c)  Ram finished his home work. He went to market. 
= Having finished his home work, Ram went to the market.
(d) He was tired or walking. He needed some rest. 
= Tired of walking, he needed some rest.
(2) By using an infinitives:
(a)  He went to the market. He wanted to buy some sugar.
= He went  to market to buy some sugar
(b) The boy is running fast. He wants to catch the bus.
 = The boy is running fast to catch the bus.
(3) By using an adverb or and adverbial phrase
(a)  He gave the answer to the question. The answer was correct.
= He gave the answer to the question correctly.
(b) It was my friend’s birthday. I congratulate him. 
= I congratulated my friend on his birthday 
OR I congratulated my friend. It was his birthday 
 =  I congratulated my friend on his birthday.

(4) By using an absolute phrase:
(a)  The Sun set. We returned home. 
= The Sun having set, we returned home.
(b) The police arrived. The robbers ran away.
= The police having arrived, the robbers ran away.
(5) By using a Noun or a Phrase in Apposition:
(a)  Milton was a famous poet. He wrote Paradise Lost.
= Milton, a famous poet, wrote Paradise Lost.
(b) Separate- Columbus was a sailor. He discovered America. 
=Combined-  Columbus, a sailor, discovered America
(6) By using a Preposition with a Noun or a Gerund.
(a)  Separate - I Came home. I Saw my mother.  
Combined- On coming home, I saw my mother
(b) Separate- Ram bought a book. He gave fifty rupees for it
= Ram bought a book for fifty rupees.

(6.1.11) Preposition

Preposition and its uses 

What is a Preposition ?
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation to some other word in a sentence.
Examples -
His pen is in his pocket.
Ram went to the hospital yesterday.
Seema is writing with a pencil.
लेकिन interrogative sentences , infinitive phrases तथा defining relative  clauses में preposition  का प्रयोग सामान्यतया sentence, phrase, तथा clause के बाद होता है। जैसे :
What is he thinking of?
What are you looking at?
What is this noise for?
The boy has no pen to write with.
Here is the man I spoke of.

Saturday 25 August 2018

(9.1.2) Pronunciation of 'A' , 'An' and 'The'

What is the pronunciation of 'A' as an article ? What is the pronunciation of 'An' as an article ? What is the pronunciation of  'The' ?

(1)'A ' तथा 'An ' articles हैं।  इन्हें Indefinite articles कहा जाता है क्योंकि ये अनिश्चित Noun के साथ रहते हैं।
(2 ) Article के रूप में सामान्यतया ' A ' का उच्चारण 'अ ' किया जाता है और 'An ' का उच्चारण 'अन ' किया जाता है।
(3 ) 'The ' को Definite Article कहा जाता है क्योंकि यह निश्चित Noun के साथ प्रयुक्त होता है।
(A ) यदि 'The ' का प्रयोग किसी Consonant से शुरू होने वाले शब्द के पहले किया जाये तो इसका उच्चारण 'द ' होता है, जैसे :   This is the ( द ) question.
The (द) car.
The (द ) flower .
(B ) और किसी Vowel से शुरू होने वाले शब्द से पहले किया जाए तो इसका उच्चारण 'दि ' होता है। जैसे :
This is the ( दि ) answer .
The  (दि ) elephant.
The (दि ) engine.of the (द ) train. 
(C ) Adjective की  superlative degree  के पहले आने पर   'The' का उच्चारण 'दी' किया जाता है, जैसे :
The  (दी ) best.
The  (दी ) worst.
Related posts -
(6.1.6) What is a determiner
-
(6.1.8) What is an Article

Saturday 18 August 2018

(9.1.1) Question Words (Wh-group)

Question words, meaning and their uses

जिन प्रश्नों के उत्तर Yes  या No में नहीं आये या जिनसे सूचना या जानकारी मांगी गई हो, उन प्रश्नों को Wh -group के किसी Question word से शुरू किया जाता है।  ये Wh - से शुरू होते हैं इसलिए इन्हें Wh - question words  कहा जाता है।   नीचे Question  words , उनके अर्थ और प्रयोग दिए गए हैं -
Word  -------Meaning -----------  Use
Who - कौन,किसने -    Subject  मालूम करने के लिये।
Whose - किसका, किसकी, किसके - अधिकार या जानने के लिये।
Whom  - किसे, किसको - Object  मालूम करने के लिये।
Which  - कौन सा , कौन सी, कौन से - व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं में से चुनाव करने हेतु।
What  - क्या - Object  जानने हेतु।
When  - कब - समय बताने के लिए।
Why - क्यों, किसलिये - कारणं या प्रयोजन जाननेके लिए।
Where - कहाँ , किस जगह - स्थान की जानकारी हेतु।
How  - कैसे, किस प्रकार - तरीका या साधन जानने  हेतु।
इन Question words के अतिरिक्त दूसरे Question words भी हैं , जिनको Formative Question Words कहा जाता है। जैसे :
How many -  कितने - संख्या जानने हेतु।
How much - कितनी - मात्रा जानने हेतु।
How far  - कितना दूर - दूरी पूछने के लिए।
How long  - कितनी देर तक - अवधि जानने के लिए।
How old  - कितना बड़ा - आयु पूछने के लिए।
How often  - कितनी बार - बारम्बारिता / आवृत्ति पूछना। -

Friday 17 August 2018

(6.1.12) Uses of Noun



Noun

What is a noun –
‘A noun is a part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality or action.’
The uses of a noun –
A noun is used
1.     as the subject of the verb –
Hari came here.
The boy helped me.
Leaves fall from trees.
2.     as the object of the verb.
Ramesh answered the questions.
He likes this book.
3.     as the complement of the subject –
Ramesh is my brother.
Rekha is a good player.
4.      for addressing someone.
Students, take out your books.
Are you coming, Hari ?
5.     as the complement of the verb –
He became the captain of the team.
6.     as the object of the preposition –
Your mother is in the room.
7.     to show possession or source etc.
Hari’s dog is running fast.
8.     In apposition –
Mr. Verma, our teacher, taught us English.
Both Mr. Verma and our teacher are one and the same person. The second noun merely explains the first noun, Mr. Verma. Here the second noun, our teacher, is in apposition.

( 5.1.2 ) Phrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb is a combination of two parts one of them is a verb and the other is eighter a preposition or an adverb. In some cases the verb may be followed by both an adverb and a preposition.
Phrasal verb - verb + preposition
or verb + adverb
or verb + adverb + preposition.
The phrasal verb has different meaning from that of the original verb. Examples -
Phrasal verbs-----Meaning
break down-------stop to function
break into---------enter by force
break out----------begin
call on-------------see a person
call off------------end
call out------------summon someone
carry on-----------continue
carry out----------obey, perform duty
come across------find by chance
come in-----------enter
cut down----------fell trees etc.
get on--------------make progress
get on with--------live with
give away---------give it to someone
give in-------------yield
give up------------pabandon
go on--------------continue
go through--------read
grow up-----------become adult
hand over---------surrender
hold up------------stop
keep up------------continue
look after----------take care
look into-----------examine/investigate
pick out------------choose
pick up-------------lift a person
put aside-----------save for future
put on--------------clothes or shoes
ring up-------------telephone
run after-----------pursue
run away----------flee
run into------------collide
send for------------summon
set in---------------begin
set out-------------start a journey
turn on------------light or fan
turn off-----------light t.v. etc.



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